Ukraine/Poland
AI Overview [this link may not be reachable] -- Ukrainians view both Poles and Russians as historical oppressors, but there is a major distinction in the scale and memory of that oppression. Russians are overwhelmingly seen as the primary, existential oppressor, while Polish rule is remembered more as a complex period of social subjugation and political domination. The Conversation +3 -- Russian Oppression: Viewed as Existential and Systemic Ukrainians broadly view the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and modern Russia as fundamental threats to their national identity. Historical grievances include centuries of Russification policies—such as the Tsarist bans on the Ukrainian language (e.g., the Valuev Circular and Ems Ukaz)—and the Holodomor, a man-made famine engineered by Joseph Stalin's Soviet regime in 1932–1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. This history has forged a consensus in Ukraine that Russian domination was designed to eradicate Ukrainian statehood...